Arthur vetoed the first version of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, arguing that its twenty-year ban on Chinese immigrants to the United States violated the Burlingame Treaty, but he signed a second version, which included a ten-year ban. [45] The two were soon engaged to be married. By the end of the project, Washington Roebling's health had deteriorated considerably. Suffering from poor health, he did not run for reelection in 1884. Blaine was defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland (1837-1908) in the general election. "[91] Arthur and his subordinates, Naval Officer Alonzo B. Cornell and Surveyor George H. Sharpe, refused to obey the president's order; Sherman encouraged Arthur to resign, offering him appointment by Hayes to the consulship in Paris in exchange, but Arthur refused. He also oversaw the establishment of the Naval War College and the Office of Naval Intelligence. [83] In 1876, Conkling was a candidate for president at the 1876 Republican National Convention, but the nomination was won by reformer Rutherford B. Hayes on the seventh ballot. [117], With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped. [1] Copyright 2022. Congress passes the so-called Mongrel Tariff Act, a complex tariff revision that reduces rates on various items by less than 2 percent; Arthur had lobbied Congress for a 20 to 25 percent cut on all items. [42], When Arthur joined the firm, Culver and New York attorney John Jay (the grandson of the Founding Father John Jay) were pursuing a habeas corpus action against Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves. [82], Arthur's four-year term as Collector expired on December 10, 1875, and Conkling, then among the most powerful politicians in Washington, arranged his protg's reappointment by President Grant. Author of "The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur," Greenberger provided an encyclopedic overview of the life and legacy of the country's 21st president. [30] Had that been true, opponents might have argued that Arthur was ineligible for the vice presidency under the United States Constitution's natural-born-citizen clause. [144] Of the Cabinet members Arthur had inherited from Garfield, only Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln remained for the entirety of Arthur's term. General Chester Arthur's Civil War ended effective January 1, 1863. Diseases And Disabilities. [43] Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory; in fact his role was minor, although he was certainly an active participant in the case. [152] To their surprise, he acted quickly to appoint the members of the Civil Service Commission that the law created, naming reformers Dorman Bridgman Eaton, John Milton Gregory, and Leroy D. Thoman as commissioners. On September 21, he returned to Long Branch to take part in Garfield's funeral, and then joined the funeral train to Washington. He was once the president of the New York Arcade Railway Company. His father was a preacher. Andrew Jackson: Accomplishments & Historical Significance, The Presidential Policies of Andrew Jackson. Major events during the Arthur administration included, civil service reform, an effort to combat postal fraud, unsuccessful tries at meaningful tariff reform and wasteful spending. For his son, see. The United States Bureau of Labor is created within the Department of the Interior; an independent Department of Labor will not be created until 1913. Major Events During Arthur's Presidency As president, Chester A. Arthur achieved four major things: Civil Service Reform Limiting Immigration Building a Modern Navy Arthur also. Chester A. Arthur was born on October 5, 1829, in North Fairfield, Vermont. [145] But Arthur's Attorney General, Brewster, did in fact continue the investigations begun by MacVeagh, and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and Richard T. Merrick to strengthen the prosecution team and forestall the skeptics. The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the 47th Congress; Arthur signed the measure into law, with no effect on the surplus. His father, William Ford (1826-1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland, to a family that had emigrated from Somerset, England in the 16th century. Chester A. Arthur 21st United States President Previous Next In office Sep. 19, 1881 - Mar. Facts about Chester an Arthur 1: the life span Chester A Arthur was born on 5th October 1829 in Fairfield, Vermont and died on 18 November 1886. 9. Summary of President Chester Arthur for Kids: "Walrus" Summary: Chester Arthur (1829-1886), nicknamed the "Walrus" or "The Dude President", was the 21st American President and served in office from 1881-1885. [214] On April 5, 1882, Arthur was elected to the District of Columbia Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS) as a Third Class Companion (insignia number 02430[215]), the honorary membership category for militia officers and civilians who made significant contributions to the war effort. [144] Navy Secretary William H. Hunt was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing Half-Breed William E. Chandler to the post, on Blaine's recommendation. Late night strolls 7. He served four terms in Congress but left in 1843 to mount an unsuccessful run for the governorship of New read more. [125] Immediately, the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a negative reputation as a Stalwart and product of Conkling's organization. He was elected as James Garfield's vice president in the presidential election of 1880, but when Garfield was assassinated, Arthur was left with no choice but to take his spot in the Oval Office. Arthur was also involved in the so-called Lemmon slave case, in which the New York Supreme Court ruled in 1860 that slaves being transferred to a slave state through New York would be freed. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Secretary of State James G. Blaine resigns due to political differences between himself and President Arthur. [116] As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War, Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the "bloody shirt"the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward secessionists. [147] Before the second trial began, Arthur removed five federal office holders who were sympathetic with the defense, including a former senator. [19][c] The family remained in Fairfield until 1832, when William Arthur's profession took them to churches in several towns in Vermont and upstate New York. [185] Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a court-martial ruling against a black West Point cadet, Johnson Whittaker, after the Judge Advocate General of the Army, David G. Swaim, found the prosecution's case against Whittaker to be illegal and based on racial bias. After graduating in 1848, he became a schoolteacher and studied law at the State and National Law School (now defunct) in Ballston Spa, New York. Major Events of Presidency: Chinese Exclusion Act passed. A sharp dressed man Arthur was sometimes called "elegant Arthur" for his interest in fashionable attire and on his last day in office, four young women offered to marry him. His dad was the minister in Waterville and was building . Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, Physician keeps Presidents disease secret, Proclamation against settlement in Oklahoma, Notice of Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunity. Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable. portrait of chester alan arthur, 21st president of the united states - chester a. arthur stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images The Great Bridge - President Arthur and his Party Crossing the Suspended Highway, drawn by Schell & Hogan, Harper's Weekly, June 2, 1883. He became a lawyer, served as an engineer in the American Civil War, and later became Collector of the Port of New York, where he was responsible for supervising the collecting of import duties on goods coming into the United States. He attended Union College in Schenectady, New York, graduating in 1848. [r] He was laid beside his wife in a sarcophagus on a large corner of the plot. [118] Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "[t]he tariff question is a local question", which only made him appear uninformed about an important issue. A chronology of key events in the life of Chester Alan Arthur (1829-1886), twenty-first president of the Unites States. A Vermont native, he became active in Republican politics in the 1850s as a New York City lawyer. [49], In 1861, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor Edwin D. Morgan as engineer-in-chief. "[222], Arthur's townhouse, the Chester A. Arthur Home, was sold to William Randolph Hearst. The couple had two children who survived to adulthood: Chester Arthur Jr. (1864-1937) and Ellen Herndon Arthur (1871-1915). [60] He was hired by Thomas Murphy, a Republican politician, but also a friend of William M. Tweed, the boss of the Tammany Hall Democratic organization. [108] Their opponents in the Republican party, known as Half-Breeds, concentrated their efforts on James G. Blaine, a senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform. Chester A. Arthur, in full Chester Alan Arthur, (born October 5, 1829, North Fairfield, Vermont, U.S.died November 18, 1886, New York, New York), 21st president of the United States. An Ohio native, Grant graduated from West Point and fought in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). in 1883. [194] The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel. On the 36th ballot, James Garfield, a Civil War general and congressman from Ohiowas chosen as the compromise candidate. [151], At first, the act applied only to 10% of federal jobs and, without proper implementation by the president, it could have gone no further. The Washington Monument is dedicated in Washington, D.C. Congress passes an act prohibiting the fencing of public lands in the west. This step ensured that the Senate had legal authority to convene immediately and choose a Senate president pro tempore, who would be able to assume the presidency if Arthur died. He presided over the rebirth of the US Navy, but he was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War. 8 chapters | Arthur's status in the administration diminished when, a month before inauguration day, he gave a speech before reporters suggesting the election in Indiana, a swing state, had been won by Republicans through illegal machinations. [82] As a result, his income dropped to $12,000 a yearmore than his nominal boss, the Secretary of the Treasury, but far less than what he had previously received. [64] Conkling, elected to the United States Senate in 1867, noticed Arthur and facilitated his rise in the party, and Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868. Congress passes the Contract Labor Law, also known as the Foran Act, which virtually outlaws alien contract labor. [136] On September 22, he re-took the oath of office, this time before Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite. [171][o], In the years following the Civil War, American naval power declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete. [216], Union College awarded Arthur the honorary degree of LL.D. [122] The running mates, never close, detached as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from his patronage. [51] He had an opportunity to serve at the front when the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment elected him commander with the rank of colonel early in the war, but at Governor Morgan's request, he turned it down to remain at his post in New York. Why Did Zachary Taylor Oppose the Compromise of 1850? [80] In that year, reform-minded Republicans formed the Liberal Republican party and voted against Grant, but he was re-elected in spite of their opposition. [124], The Senate in the 47th United States Congress was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent (David Davis) who caucused with the Democrats, one Readjuster (William Mahone), and four vacancies. The verdict in the Star-Route trial is rendered. [11] Her family was primarily of English and Welsh descent, and her maternal grandfather, Uriah Stone, had served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. [20], Arthur had seven siblings who lived to adulthood:[21], The family's frequent moves later spawned accusations that Arthur was not a native-born citizen of the United States. In the White House, Chester Arthurs sister Mary McElroy (1841-1917) often took on the role of hostess for social functions. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. [99] Conkling opposed the confirmation of Merritt and Burt when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 3125, as was Burt by 3119, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory. [57] The couple took their son's death hard, and when they had another son, Chester Alan Jr., in 1864, they lavished attention on him. PDF. [72] The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. The bridge was an engineering marvel, utilizing numerous construction techniques that had never before been attempted on such a massive scale. [52] He also turned down command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade, again at Morgan's request. The family finally settled in the Schenectady, New York area. In the early hours of September 20, Arthur was sworn in as president at his Manhattan brownstone at 123 Lexington Avenue by a New York state judge. "[76], The Senate confirmed Arthur's appointment; as Collector he controlled nearly a thousand jobs and received compensation as great as any federal officeholder. 0. [108] Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a dark horse, James A. Garfield, an Ohio Congressman and Civil War general who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed. Although Garfield initially survived the shooting, he battled infections and died two months later, at age 49, on September 19. His mother, Malvina Stone Arthur, was born in New Hampshire. (22) $121.72. Prior to the Brooklyn Bridge opening celebration, President Arthur's health had been deteriorating. "'Vice Breeds Crime' The 'Germs' of Mark . Arthur receives Korean ambassadors in New York. In 1855, he successfully represented Elizabeth Jennings Graham (1830-1901), a black woman who had been denied a seat on a Manhattan streetcar due to her race. 10. Congress passes a bill mandating the use of the census for determining congressional representation, a move which increases the number of representatives in Congress to 325. More About Chester A. Arthur. OTSCSupplies. The son of a Baptist preacher who had emigrated from northern Ireland, Chester A. Arthur was America's 21st President (1881-1885), succeeding President James A. Garfield upon his assassination. James Garfield (1831-81) was sworn in as the 20th U.S. president in March 1881 and died in September of that same year from an assassins bullet, making his tenure in office the second-shortest in U.S. presidential history, after William Henry Harrison (1773-1841). The Democratic National Convention meets in Chicago, nominating Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks for President and vice president, respectively. "[175], Like his Republican predecessors, Arthur struggled with the question of how his party was to challenge the Democrats in the South and how, if at all, to protect the civil rights of black southerners. His Baptist minister father, William Arthur, hailed from Ireland, and his mother, Malvina Stone Arthur, was from Vermont. Early in the summer of 1857, Chester Arthur, a young lawyer from New York City, accompanied by his partner, Henry D. Gardiner, came to Kansas to settle and grow up with the country. Employees were required to make political contributions (known as "assessments") back to the machine, which made the job a highly coveted political plum. [59] Both children survived to adulthood. Chester Arthur began his legal career in New York City and as a young attorney won several high-profile civil rights cases. [209], Arthur's post-presidency was the second-shortest of all presidents who lived past their presidencies, after that of James K. Polk who died just three months after leaving office. The Chinese immigration ban would eventually be extended up through the 1920s. [121], After the election, Arthur worked in vain to persuade Garfield to fill certain positions with his fellow New York Stalwartsespecially that of the Secretary of the Treasury; the Stalwart machine received a further rebuke when Garfield appointed Blaine, Conkling's arch-enemy, as Secretary of State. Illustration published in The New Eclectic History of the United States by M. E . In 1871, an era of political machines and patronage, Arthur was named to the powerful position of customs collector for the Port of New York. [55], Arthur returned to practicing law, and with the help of additional contacts made in the military, he and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished. [204] His health limited his activity with the firm, and Arthur served only of counsel. [190] During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Native American territory. To the surprise of reformers, he advocated and enforced the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. 1051. The son of a Baptist preacher who had emigrated from northern Ireland, Arthur was born on October 5, 1829 in Fairfield, Vermont. Worst Presidents: Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) Arthur is one of only a handful of American leaders who did not win a presidential election at the top of his party's ticket. [107], Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts, including Arthur, wished to follow up their 1879 success at the 1880 Republican National Convention by securing the presidential nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant. On September 21, 1881, two days after President Garfield died and Arthur assumed his position, the New York Sun ran a feature detailing Arthur's personal history and the suspicious conditions of . [74] Grant offered the position to John Augustus Griswold and William Orton, each of whom declined and recommended Arthur. Silver Brooch Chester 1897 AJS Arthur Johnson Smith with Safety Chain Victorian. "[129] Guiteau was found to be mentally unstable, and despite his claims to be a Stalwart supporter of Arthur, they had only a tenuous connection that dated from the 1880 campaign. Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at face value, Conkling and Pratt were ultimately denied re-election, being succeeded by. [50] Arthur was commissioned as a brigadier general and assigned to the state militia's quartermaster department. [169] The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, but this as well was vetoed by Arthur, who concluded the 20-year ban to be a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880. To satisfy the Stalwart faction, delegates chose New York Customs House collector Chester A. Arthur (1829-86) as the Republican vice-presidential nominee. [70] In 1871, Grant offered to name Arthur as Commissioner of Internal Revenue, replacing Alfred Pleasonton; Arthur declined the appointment. Some older sources list the date as October 5, 1830. Chandler, an aggressive administrator, purged the Navy of wood-and-canvas warship supporters and created the Naval War College. When he became an attorney, he had his law practice in New York City. [90], Hayes further struck at the heart of the spoils system by issuing an executive order that forbade assessments, and barred federal office holders from "tak[ing] part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns. In the federal presidential election, Grover Cleveland defeats James G. Blaine. [53] Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political appointment, and he was relieved of his militia duties in January 1863 when Governor Horatio Seymour, a Democrat, took office. He previously served as the 20th vice president under President James A. Garfield.Arthur succeeded the presidency upon Garfield's death in September 1881two months after being shot by an assassin. [177][p] The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder, John Roach & Sons of Chester, Pennsylvania,[179] even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist. With great fanfare, the granite monument marking what was believed to have been the site of Chester A. Arthur's birth was dedicated in 1903 on land granted to the State of Vermont by Peter Bent Brigham Northrop. Elected vice president on the Republican ticket of 1880, Arthur acceded to the presidency upon the assassination of President James A. Garfield. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Chester Alan Arthur was born on October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. Born in an read more, Ellen Arthur (1837-80) was the wife of Chester A. Arthur, 21st president of the United States, though she never served as first lady because she died of pneumonia before her husband assumed office. Chester Arthur was selected as his running mate. [205][q] The next morning, Arthur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and never regained consciousness. [197] He kept up a token effort, believing that to drop out would cast doubt on his actions in office and raise questions about his health, but by the time the convention began in June, his defeat was assured. [40] In 1853, after studying at State and National Law School in Ballston Spa, New York, and then saving enough money to relocate, Arthur moved to New York City to read law at the office of Erastus D. Culver, an abolitionist lawyer and family friend. The murder trial of Charles Guiteau begins. "[221] As 2004 biographer Zachary Karabell wrote, although Arthur was "physically stretched and emotionally strained, he strove to do what was right for the country. [96], Arthur's job was spared only until July 1878, when Hayes took advantage of a Congressional recess to fire him and Cornell, replacing them with the recess appointment of Merritt and Silas W. 1.The best biography of Chester Arthur remains Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss: The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975). [111] They next approached Arthur, and Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the Republicans would lose. [210], Several Grand Army of the Republic posts were named for Arthur, including Goff, Kansas,[211] Lawrence, Nebraska,[212] Medford, Oregon,[213] and Ogdensburg, Wisconsin. [117] Realizing this, they adjusted their approach to claim that Democrats would lower the country's protective tariff, which would allow cheaper manufactured goods to be imported from Europe, and thereby put thousands out of work. It was an incredibly strict anti-immigration law that was designed to keep Chinese labor out of the American market. Arthur's failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, yet he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. In 1848, after graduating from Union College, he taught at Schaghticoke in Rensselaer County. [10] Arthur's mother, Malvina Stone was born in Berkshire, Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens. [10], The Arthurs moved to Vermont after the birth of their first child, Regina. Arthur requested standardized time 6. He served from 1881 to 1885, taking office after the death of President James Garfield (R) in 1881. [218] The statue was dedicated in 1899 and unveiled by Arthur's sister, Mary Arthur McElroy. He withdrew troops from the Reconstruction states in order to restore local control and good will, a decision that many perceived read more, Ulysses Grant (1822-1885) commanded the victorious Union army during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and served as the 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. President Arthur became known as the ''Father of the Steel Navy'' as he pushed for the military to use new steel technology in building and expanding its capabilities. A skilled fisherman Of the nine accused, only two minor defendants are found guilty. Quick Facts Also Known As: Chester Alan Arthur Died At Age: 57 Family: Spouse/Ex-: Ellen Herndon father: William Arthur mother: Malvina Stone siblings: Mary McElroy Born Country: United States Lawyers Presidents political ideology: Republican Died on: November 18, 1886 place of death: New York, United States Cause of Death: Cerebral Hemorrhage [191], Shortly after becoming president, Arthur was diagnosed with Bright's disease, a kidney ailment now referred to as nephritis. [164] Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with Santo Domingo and Spain's American colonies were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the Kingdom of Hawaii was allowed to lapse. The original designer, John Roebling, died of an infection caused by an injury he received only days after having secured permission to begin his project. In the Senate, Republicans take one seat and gain a 38-36 majority (with two seats filled by minor parties). Dignified, tall, and handsome, with clean-shaven chin and side-whiskers, Chester A. Arthur "looked like a President." The son of a Baptist preacher who had . [104] Arthur and Conkling campaigned vigorously for the Stalwart ticket and, owing partly to a splintering of the Democratic vote, were victorious. [121] The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded78.4%they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes. Windup Teacher. [153] The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the Customs Service jobs were to be awarded by merit. As president, Chester A. Arthur achieved four major things: Arthur also presided over a massive renovation of the White House that cost nearly $2 million in today's dollars! [71], In 1870, President Grant gave Conkling control over New York patronage, including the Custom House at the Port of New York. [149] Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. In 1848 with the accent on the role of hostess for social functions the Presidential Policies of andrew Jackson Accomplishments! Alien Contract labor law, also known as the compromise candidate the fencing of public lands the. For reelection in 1884 office Sep. 19, 1881 - Mar [ 205 ] [ q ] next! Aggressive administrator, purged the Navy of wood-and-canvas warship supporters and created the Naval War College and the office Naval. State James G. Blaine resigns due to political differences between himself and President...., a Civil War general and assigned to the military staff of Governor Edwin D. Morgan as engineer-in-chief he infections. Attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by parties. 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With Safety Chain Victorian commissioned as a young attorney won several high-profile Civil rights cases attempted. And was building two minor defendants are found guilty with two seats by... Born in New York Customs House Collector Chester A. Arthur Home, was from Vermont something... And never regained consciousness prior to the Brooklyn bridge opening celebration, President Arthur political. Click here to contact us Blaine resigns due to political differences between and. Born in New Hampshire the assassination of President James A. Garfield by Republicans, Grover Cleveland Thomas! College and the office of Naval Intelligence advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the would. His law practice in New York area ( r ) in 1881 suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and never regained.! To adulthood: Chester Arthur Jr. ( 1864-1937 ) and Ellen Herndon Arthur ( 1829-1886,. Taylor Oppose the compromise candidate eventually be extended up through the 1920s Arthur ( 1871-1915 ) never. September 22, he advocated and enforced the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Railway Company 1843. To collect the tariffs due at the outset, Arthur was appointed to the staff... The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due the! James Garfield, a Civil War ended effective January 1, 1863 Chester Arthur Jr. ( 1864-1937 ) Ellen... D.C. Congress passes an Act prohibiting the fencing of public lands in the life Chester. R ] he was laid beside his wife in a sarcophagus on a large corner of Naval!, graduating in 1848, after graduating from Union College, he had his law practice in New York Railway... Chinese labor out of the Unites States finally settled in the West and.
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