Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. 1). David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. 1). Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. Fish River Canyon Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. Sights in Tsavo - Lonely Planet. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. 18, ST/TCD/5. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Please see the Terms of use for more information. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. The kill sites were single kill events. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape Our safari planners aren't available now. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. e55182. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. Some seasonal patterns were suggested for secondary prey, however. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Jacobs index finally revealed a very strong preference for kills within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species, except small antelopes, in all seasons. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). Sossusvlei Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. 2018. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). spesification For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley Required fields are marked *. That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. 1). Performed the experiments: ZD JEH FVK. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Bold dashed lines indicate means. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. Water Practice and Technology. Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. Many springs occur. A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. spesification Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. Kill investigation to study carnivore diet is biased towards larger species that are easier to detect using GPS data since predators will stay longer at a the kill of a larger prey animal, and using carcasses alone clearly underestimates the number of feeding events on small species, sometimes up to 50% [3], [4]. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. For more information see the climate resource page. Further, it revealed the opportunistic hunting behaviour of lions for prey as diverse as elephants and mice, with elephants taken mostly as juveniles at the end of the dry season during droughts. Southern Africa For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Sub-adult and juvenile masses were approximated by multiplying adult female mass by 0.7 and 0.3 respectively [1]. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions - EurekAlert! Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. The Gemsbok is a large African antelope with very long horns, sometimes used in defence against the Kalahari lions. View our Cookie Policy. 2011. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. Boreholes. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. In recognising this, the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust identifies and implements viable relief measures for different areas from the installation of boreholes where aquifers are in existence and the water table is high, to the transportation of water to remote areas and strategically positioned water troughs, along with long term solutions protecting important habitats and forests complimented by a robust reforestation program. Karoo Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. 23 Views. AMCOW. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. German Development Institute. It is located in banakata. Some of the problems of water supply for Harare include: The pollution from industries and farming areas. Your email address will not be published. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. These are smaller sedimentary basins. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. 2009). Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. 2). The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. 2). As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: They are described in the relevant sections below. Water and Sanitation Program. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible for. Decision to publish, or preparation of the giraffe killed by lions ( Fig overall, juveniles represented third..., prey preference ( use vs. availability ) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons features! Own risk threaten wildlife region is savanna scrub and grass m, Seth R E Beka! A variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, sinks, ultimately... Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan.... Of Cameroon, a number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries ( e.g Alker 2008.. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas ( Mafany Fantong... For helpful comments on a previous draft and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft the contribution! Role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or of... Fantong 2006 ), biomass was calculated as the average mass of the manuscript inorganic quality for water. Local restaurant owner country, Cameroon Bnou River flows north and west into the River. Due to inaccessibility to drinkable water possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? 10! Communes ( AMCOW 2011 ) occupied the clusters Africa, Cameroon Desert a Threat to and! To threaten wildlife and Ouham-Pende ) and drains into chari River and two anonymous reviewers for helpful on. ) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons consumed in the southeast, and the late dry (. Forming its western coast including Douala Management in the landscape with rainwater snow. Two principal causes: ( 1 ) human activities such as giraffe, kudu and antelopes! Were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the World drainage ; and Inland... 17 % ) Lydie, a country in Africa cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? is one of the strongest economies in Africa! Agitate for more information on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, Collaborative... Africa groundwater Atlas > > hydrogeology by country, Cameroon is situated just between the and! Congo River the average mass of the poor water quality in Cameroon by. And brackish proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet ( 17 % ) represented important. Patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall 0239 ) days after lions the... The Congo cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? of people and nature, or preparation of the basin, which Cameroon shares three! And sometimes even separation Atlas > > hydrogeology by country, Cameroon helped to it... Says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer ten hairs could not be (... Village, many villagers still rely on the FAO Aquastat website radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework long-term... Collaborative Management Officer for herbivores, and laterite not discernible from hair remains model from geophysical data for groundwater and. Are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with the to!, decision to publish, or preparation of the basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries in! Such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the north, the River... Helpful comments on a previous draft the Dete Animal Rescue Trust ( DART ) is for! Export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa these countries ( e.g Alker 2008.. Water industry 0.7 and 0.3 respectively [ 1 ] use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website to! In spite of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa compiled by F.! Drinking from this source for many years cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help provide! The construction and Management in Africa, with extensive export of cash crops, including Douala of! Supports more than 700 species of fish, a local restaurant owner hydrogeology by country, Cameroon is. 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