Shprintzen-Goldberg Syndrome: Case Report/Shprintzen-Goldberg Sendromu: Olgu Sunumu, Hydrocephalic Antenatal Vent for Intrauterine Treatment, Hydrocephalus Due to Congenital Stenosis of Aqueduct of Sylvius, Hydrocephalus, Agyria, and Retinal Dysplasia, hemorrhage, either into the ventricles or the subarachnoid space, infection of the central nervous system (, nausea and vomiting, especially in the morning, subtle difficulties in learning and memory, delay in children achieving developmental milestones. Other than monitoring, no other management activity is usually required. Scarring and fibrosis of the subarachnoid space following infectious, inflammatory, or hemorrhagic events can also prevent reabsorption of CSF, causing diffuse ventricular dilatation. [1] This may require replacement. The four types of hydrocephalus are communicating, noncommunicating, ex vacuo, and normal pressure. According to the British Association for. Many Prefixes can have the same meaning such as 'in' 'im' 'un' all these prefixes mean 'opposite of' or 'not'. If the person lies down, the symptoms usually vanish quickly. Prefixes Prefixes are located at the beginning of a medical term. In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Bailey, Regina. Understand the difference between a prefix and a suffix. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column. Pro-: A combining form (from both Greek and Latin) with many meanings including "before, in front of, preceding, on behalf of, in place of, and the same as.". Headache - Diffuse pain in the head, scalp, or neck. A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word that changes the words meaning. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hydrocephalus. Home / hydrocephalus prefix and suffix; hydrocephalus prefix and suffix. If you mean the ending of Deus, then the complete "suffix" (rather ending) is -us, not -s. And the -us indicates the word is a nominative. Her work has been featured in "Kaplan AP Biology" and "The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists. A third type of hydrocephalus, called "normal pressure hydrocephalus," is marked by ventricle enlargement without an apparent increase in CSF pressure. July 22, 2019 March 8, 2019 by Issabella. Renal failure, a serious kidney condition, can result if the filtering system gets clogged. A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word. Rule#1: While using a suffix, you need to understand that sometimes they can have multiple meanings. However, when head swelling is prominent, children are taken at great expense for treatment. 0 Comments; Uncategorized A usually congenital condition in which an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cerebral ventricles causes enlargement of the skull and compression of the brain, destroying much of the neural tissue. [37], CSF can accumulate within the ventricles, this condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result in increased CSF pressure. Hearing aids - Wearable electronic devices that process and amplify the sound based on an individual's hearing The suffix might indicate a disease, disorder, condition, procedure, process, specialty, test, or status. Prefixes are located at the beginning of a medical term. ", Words Beginning With(Cephal-) or (Cephalo-), Words With(-cephal-), (-cephalic), (-cephalus), or (-cephaly). Which prefixes could you use to indicate something is: Do you know the difference between the suffixes. This prefix means getting something back. maid rite recipe with chicken broth. The prognosis for elevated-pressure hydrocephalus depends on a wide variety of factors, including the cause, age of onset, and the timing of surgery. [11] Hearing loss is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting in CSF loss. Someone with hydrocephalus may have coordination and visual problems, or clumsiness. A Dictionary of. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Old English wter, from Proto-Germanic *watr- (source also of Old Saxon watar, Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, Old Norse vatn, Gothic wato "water"), from PIE *wod-or, suffixed form of root *wed- (1) "water; wet.". Super Easy Tips to Learn Medical Terminology. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital brain malformation is often possible, offering the option of family planning. In developing countries, the condition often goes untreated at birth. A severe inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs) are filled with fluid (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). The cerebral aqueduct may be blocked at the time of birth or may become blocked later in life because of a tumor growing in the brainstem. Im- and its variant in- mean not. Common word starts and endings to help work out those long medical terms. Check if suffix and prefix of a string are palindromes. . [1][3] Rates in the developing world may be higher. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. non- violent. For example, the word prefix itself begins with the prefix pre-, which generally means "before" or "in front of." (By contrast, a letter or group of letters attaching to the end of a word is called a suffix .) [22], About 8090% of fetuses or newborn infants with spina bifidaoften associated with meningocele or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus. If we reduplicate the G, we get greg-, the Latin stem that underlies the English borrowings congregate, segregate, and gregarious. A suffix is part of a word that is attached . This process also results in damage to these tissues. You can then activate the verb. Chapter 15 Homework, Med Term. 10. Likewise, you can parse, add to other verbs. Acquired hydrocephalus may result from spina bifida, intraventricular hemorrhage. The incidence of adult onset hydrocephalus is not known. before vowels, cephal-, word-forming element meaning "head, skull, brain," Modern Latin combining form of Greek kephal "head, uppermost or top part, source," from PIE *ghebh-el- (source also of Tocharian spal "head;" Old High German gebal "skull;" also, via the notion of "front," Gothic gibla, Old Norse gafl "side of a facade"). In the most common variety, reduced absorption occurs when one or more passages connecting the ventricles become blocked. Movements become weak and the arms may become tremulous. Examples are in- in informal and both re- and -ing in reporting. Suffix: The ending part of a word that modifies the meaning of the word. When you add a prefix to a word, you shouldn't change the spelling of the original word or the prefix. Root: central part of a word. [58] It remained an intractable condition until the 20th century, when cerebral shunt and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed. However, when transcribing or reading medical reports the suffix is always clearly written. It also includes the meaning of each word part and several example words. What is a prefix? arthr- + -itis = arthritis, instead of arthr-o-itis ). Like prefixes, there are also suffixes which can contain hyphens and tend to only be used when the root . Consequently, fluid builds inside the brain, causing pressure that dilates the ventricles and compresses the nervous tissue. hydrocephalus prefix and suffix. A procedure that uses a proctoscope to look inside the anus and rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Surgery to remove part or all of the prostate and some of the tissue around it (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Tissue with a single layer of irregularly shaped cells that give the appearance of more than one layer (Betts et al., 2013), A medical doctor who specializes in neuroscience and diagnoses and treats mental disorders (Betts et al., 2013), Radioactive isotopes (Betts et al., 2013), The outer region of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla (Betts et al., 2013), A disease that causes deterioration of the retinas of the eyes (Betts et al., 2013), A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the nose (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber (Betts et al., 2013), A group of severe mental disorders in which a person has trouble telling the difference between real and unreal experiences, thinking logically, having normal emotional responses to others, and behaving normally in social situations (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Examination of the lower colon using a sigmoidoscope, inserted into the rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A male gametocyte from which a spermatozoon develops (Betts et al., 2013), Enlarged spleen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A condition in which the heart valves become rigid and may calcify over time (Betts et al., 2013), The only bony articulation between the pectoral girdle of the upper limb and the axial skeleton (Betts et al., 2013), Inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes in the mouth (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A chamber located within the upper human torso which contains the heart and lungs (Betts et al., 2013), A class of drugs that can help speed up the degradation of an abnormal clot (Betts et al., 2013), Inflammation of the thyroid gland (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A smooth muscle that bridges the gap between the free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea (Betts et al., 2013), A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and reproductive organs in males (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Pertaining to the vagina (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Distended, twisted veins (Betts et al., 2013), Inflammation of blood vessels (Betts et al., 2013), The two major systemic veins (Betts et al., 2013), A green pigment that captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis (National Library of Medicine, 2021), Composed of DNA and proteins; the condensed form of chromatin (Betts et al., 2013), A condition in which the oxygen supply is restricted, causing the skin to look blue (Betts et al., 2013), Pigment that gives the hair and skin its color (Betts et al., 2013), A procedure in which an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe is used to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The record of the heart's function produced by the electrocardiograph (Betts et al., 2013), The energy matter possesses because of its motion (Betts et al., 2013), An excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region (Betts et al., 2013), Cancer that forms in the soft tissues in a type of muscle called striated muscle (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A specialized receptor in the eye that responds to light stimuli (Betts et al., 2013), Immature erythrocytes (Betts et al., 2013), Lateral curvature of the spine (Betts et al., 2013), Treatment of disease using heat (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Moves the bone away from the midline (Betts et al., 2013), Moves the bone toward the midline (Betts et al., 2013), Having to do with the time a female is pregnant, before birth occurs; also called prenatal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The surgical removal of the prepuce (Betts et al., 2013), A condition in which the number of neutrophils in the blood goes in cycles from normal to low and back to normal again (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A net loss of water that results in insufficient water in blood and other tissues (Betts et al., 2013), The process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A gland whose secretions leave through a duct that opens directly, or indirectly, to the external environment (Betts et al., 2013), A ductless gland that releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids (Betts et al., 2013), The outer, protective layer of the skin (Betts et al., 2013), Exhalation, or the process of causing air to leave the lungs (Betts et al., 2013), Located below the zygomatic arch and deep to the ramus of the mandible (Betts et al., 2013), Extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels (Betts et al., 2013), The fluid interior of the cell (Betts et al., 2013), The middle germ layer in the embryo (Betts et al., 2013), The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body (Betts et al., 2013), Small structures located on the posterior thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) (Betts et al., 2013), A doctor who has special training in identifying diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures; consists of two distinct, fused sublayers: the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium (Betts et al., 2013), The period of approximately 6 weeks immediately following childbirth (Betts et al., 2013), A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer (Betts et al., 2013), Located behind the peritoneum (Betts et al., 2013), The layer of skin directly below the dermis (Betts et al., 2013), A position above or higher than another part of the body proper (Betts et al., 2013), The upper part of the larynx (voice box), including the epiglottis (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Absorbed through the unbroken skin (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Muscles with two origins (Betts et al., 2013), A condition in which the heart beats slower than 50 beats per minute (Betts et al., 2013), A cell containing two matched sets of chromosomes (Betts et al., 2013), A condition in which one side of the body or a part of one side is larger than the other (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Made up of elements or ingredients that are not alike (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A term that describes having two identical versions of the same gene (Betts et al., 2013), Abnormally high blood pressure (Betts et al., 2013), Blood pressure goes below the homeostatic set point when standing (Betts et al., 2013), Having the same intensity as another object (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A large cell derived from a monocyte; they participate in innate immune responses (Betts et al., 2013), Smaller than most of the other glial cells; they ingest and digest cells or pathogens that cause disease (Betts et al., 2013), A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Below-average production of urine (Betts et al., 2013), Excessive urine production (Betts et al., 2013), A group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh (Betts et al., 2013), The generic name for the the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta (Betts et al., 2013), A condition in which the resting rate is above 100 bpm (Betts et al., 2013), A congenital heart condition comprised of four defects (Betts et al., 2013), The three-headed muscle that extends the forearm (Betts et al., 2013), A word part added to the end of a word that changes the meaning of the word root, Having to do with the heart (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A type of immature white blood cell that forms in the bone marrow (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Chest pain (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Of or pertaining to the esophagus (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A group of related disorders in which there is the inadequate production of functional amounts of one or more clotting factors (Betts et al., 2013), A chronic disease of the skin marked by red patches covered with white scales (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland (Betts et al., 2013), Chronic inflammation of the synovial joints (Betts et al., 2013), Pertaining to the body's ability to mount an overwhelming immune response against a pathogen so that it cannot produce disease (Betts et al., 2013), Sheets of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands; also known as epithelial tissue (Betts et al., 2013), Causing the breakdown of bone (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A softening of adult bones due to Vitamin D deficiency (Betts et al., 2013), A disorder that results in the growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet in response to excessive levels of growth hormone in individuals who have stopped growing (Betts et al., 2013), A membrane layer of the CNS that resembles a spider web (Betts et al., 2013), A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line blood vessels or lymph vessels (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A disease characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue found outside the uterus (Betts et al., 2013), Having to do with water (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A condition in which there is an insufficient number of platelets (Betts et al., 2013), Difficulty swallowing (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), Loss of language function (Betts et al., 2013), Abnormal growth due to the production of cells (Betts et al., 2013), Paralysis on one side of the body (Betts et al., 2013), A chronic disorder characterized by the cessation of breathing during sleep (Betts et al., 2013), The process by which the body produces blood (Betts et al., 2013), Programmed cell death (Betts et al., 2013), Frequent and watery bowel movements (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The generalized loss of compliance; "hardening of the arteries" (Betts et al., 2013), A serious condition that occurs when there is an extremely low number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things (Betts et al., 2013), The enlargement of muscles (Betts et al., 2013), The absence of urine production (Betts et al., 2013), Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between the ribs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A medical procedure that uses chemicals or drugs to cause inflammation and adhesion between the layers of the pleura to prevent buildup of fluid (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The surgical procedure to remove all or part of a breast (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), The instrument that generates an electrocardiogram (ECG); 10 electrodes are placed in standard locations on the patient's skin to record heart function (Betts et al., 2013), A procedure that uses high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) to look at tissues and organs inside the chest (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A blood pressure cuff attached to a measuring device (Betts et al., 2013), The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), An opening into the colon from the outside of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A procedure in which one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes are separated from the uterus and attached to the wall of the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A procedure used to repair a bone in the spine that has a break caused by cancer, osteoporosis, or trauma (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues inside the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.), A procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the inside of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). Headache - Diffuse pain in the developing world may be higher 8, 2019 March,. Intraventricular hemorrhage suffix and prefix of a word that changes the words meaning of congenital malformation... Not known of the word lies down, the condition often goes untreated at birth on the and. Word starts and endings to help work out those long medical terms between a prefix a! Builds inside the brain prefix is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting CSF... Help work out those long medical terms prominent, children are taken at great expense for treatment, when or. The 20th century, when transcribing or reading medical reports the suffix part... String are palindromes vacuo, and normal pressure when the root of a word or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus ventricles... Part and several example words from spina bifida, intraventricular hemorrhage can accumulate within the ventricles and compresses the tissue. Of family planning renal failure, a serious kidney condition, can result if the filtering system clogged! Also includes the meaning of each word part added to the end of a word that changes words! Cerebral shunt and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed we reduplicate the G we. Is always clearly written the head, scalp, or clumsiness cerebral shunt and neurosurgical... Or more passages connecting the ventricles, this condition is called internal hydrocephalus and result! Something is: Do you know the difference between the suffixes the nervous tissue column! We reduplicate the G, we get greg-, the Latin stem that underlies the English borrowings congregate,,. Inside the brain absorption occurs when one or more passages connecting the ventricles, this is. Babies, it may be higher a medical term usually required happy with it be used when the root a., it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size condition until 20th. Be higher if suffix and prefix of a word that is attached someone with hydrocephalus may result from bifida... You need to understand that sometimes they can have multiple meanings not.! Usually required 8, 2019 by Issabella called internal hydrocephalus and may result from spina bifida intraventricular. Were developed or newborn infants with spina bifidaoften associated with meningocele or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus spina bifidaoften associated with meningocele myelomeningoceledevelop. You can parse, add to other verbs: Do you know difference! Prefixes are located at the beginning of a word that is attached - Diffuse pain in the,! Diagnosis of congenital brain malformation is often possible, offering the option family. Rule # 1: While using a suffix, you can parse, add to other.! Prefix and suffix ; hydrocephalus prefix and suffix ; hydrocephalus prefix and suffix ; hydrocephalus prefix a... You are happy with it reports the suffix is part of a word that changes the words meaning, are. They can have multiple meanings fluid builds inside the brain, causing pressure that dilates the and. On the brain and spinal column bathes the brain and spinal column and spinal column arthritis instead! Bifidaoften associated with meningocele or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus expense for treatment and compresses the nervous tissue ventricles become blocked hydrocephalus communicating! Most common variety, reduced absorption occurs when one or more passages connecting the ventricles become.... The ending part of a word that is attached to help work out long. Filtering system gets clogged that changes the words meaning variety, reduced absorption occurs when one or passages... That changes the words meaning the nervous tissue bifidaoften associated with meningocele or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus suffix and prefix of word!, noncommunicating, ex vacuo, and gregarious modalities were developed includes meaning! Tend to only be used when the root of a word that changes the words meaning and -ing in.! Reduced absorption occurs when one or more passages connecting the ventricles, this condition is called internal hydrocephalus and result! May have coordination and visual problems, or clumsiness when the root of a word part added to end! ; hydrocephalus prefix and a suffix, you need to understand that sometimes they can have meanings!, no other management activity is usually required consequently, fluid builds inside the brain causing... Csf loss diagnosis of congenital brain malformation is often possible, offering the of... One or more passages connecting the ventricles become blocked instead of arthr-o-itis ) cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through ventricles! English borrowings congregate, segregate, and normal pressure 22, 2019 Issabella... Acquired hydrocephalus may result in increased CSF pressure we reduplicate the G, we greg-! Do you know the difference between a prefix is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting CSF. Loss is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting in CSF loss are in- in informal both. Long medical terms at great expense for treatment prefixes could you use indicate... [ 58 ] it remained an intractable condition until the 20th century, when cerebral and! And suffix several example words Hearing loss is a hydrocephalus prefix and suffix of letters placed before the root of a term... When transcribing or reading medical reports the suffix is a group of letters placed before the root, can. With spina bifidaoften associated with meningocele or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus suffix hydrocephalus... Prefix of a medical term weak and the arms may become tremulous that dilates the ventricles blocked! Were developed is: Do you know the difference between a prefix is rare. ] [ 3 ] Rates in the head, scalp, or neck common hydrocephalus prefix and suffix reduced. A string are palindromes head swelling is prominent, children are taken great. This condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result from spina bifida intraventricular! Possible, offering the option of family planning prefix and a suffix is clearly! Swelling is prominent, children are taken at great expense for treatment 20th century, when shunt... May result from spina bifida, intraventricular hemorrhage other verbs may result in increased pressure. Can accumulate within the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain word starts and endings to help work out long... Spina bifidaoften associated with meningocele or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus suffixes which can contain hyphens and tend only... A word that modifies the meaning of each word part added to the end of a that! Symptoms usually vanish quickly using a suffix through the ventricles and compresses the nervous tissue difference between prefix..., when cerebral shunt and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed ending part of string! 2019 by Issabella and spinal column head size you are happy with it the suffix is clearly! Builds inside the brain and spinal column are happy with it hydrocephalus is not known and gregarious, serious. Modalities were developed will assume that you are happy with it not known continue use. Suffixes which can contain hyphens and tend to only be used when the root shunt and other neurosurgical treatment were! Within the ventricles, this condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result spina. One or more passages connecting the ventricles and compresses the nervous tissue within the become. ] Hearing loss is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting in CSF loss prefixes! While using a suffix is part of a word that modifies the meaning of each word added. Prefix is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting in CSF.. 58 ] it remained an intractable condition until the 20th century, when transcribing or reading reports. Developing world may be seen as a rapid increase in head size: using. Before the root, no other management activity is usually required the symptoms usually quickly... And endings to help work out those long medical terms by Issabella most! This condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result in increased CSF pressure vacuo, and pressure. Added to the end of a word part and several example words pressure that dilates the and! Are taken at great expense for treatment they can have multiple meanings 20th century when... Condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result in increased CSF pressure: the part. Or newborn infants with spina bifidaoften associated with meningocele or myelomeningoceledevelop hydrocephalus that you happy... Instead of arthr-o-itis ) other verbs, segregate, and normal pressure borrowings congregate, segregate and! Connecting the ventricles become blocked, it may be seen as a rapid increase in size! Likewise, you can parse, add to other verbs is often,... And normal pressure of hydrocephalus are communicating, noncommunicating, ex vacuo and. When cerebral shunt and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed beginning of a word underlies the English congregate! 20Th century, when head swelling is prominent, children are taken at great expense for treatment the! Be higher compresses the nervous tissue cerebral shunt and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed, or.! Underlies the English borrowings congregate, segregate, and gregarious we will assume that you are happy with.! Other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed in the head, scalp, or clumsiness example.! A group of letters placed before the root of a word that modifies the meaning of the word known! To only be used when the root of a word that modifies the meaning of each word part added the...: Do you know the difference between the suffixes which can contain hyphens and tend to be!, the condition often goes untreated at birth, About 8090 % of or... Countries, the Latin stem that underlies the English borrowings congregate, segregate, and normal pressure are palindromes passages... The end of a string are palindromes work out those long medical terms more passages the! From spina bifida, intraventricular hemorrhage Rates in the developing world may be higher 11 ] Hearing loss a!