VisitStAugustine.com. When Mary contracted tuberculosis, at her doctor's recommendation they traveled . Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was an American philanthropist and heiress who became notorious when she married one of the richest men of the Gilded Age. Henry B Flagler was born on month day 1836, at birth place, New York, to Thomas Flagler and Rachael M Flagler. [22] Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. St. Augustine, FL: Saint Augustine Historical Society, 1978. Flagler gave them the honored center positions in the mausoleum. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. The year was 1885, the month was April and things were just getting started. Rockefeller worked in association with chemist and inventor Samuel Andrews. Flamingo Visitor Center is 24 miles away. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida. The railroad was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the State of Florida, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, using much of the remaining railway infrastructure. It was Henry M. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). On the condition that Anderson get the city's streets paved, Henry Flagler agreed to buy a portion of that land. In Bellevue he courted and married his step-uncle's (Lamon Harkness) second daughter, Mary Harkness, November 9, 1853. It was that shrewd attitude that caught the eye of one John D. Rockefeller. [citation needed], Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. He was twenty-three and she was twenty and they were married in her father's home. His mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Morrison Harkness. Biography. Henry Flagler had realized his dream and slipped quietly from this world at his ocean cottage 'Nautalis' on May 20, 1913, in Palm Beach, Florida. See more ideas about flagler, key west, florida. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. And even Thomas Edison had his hand in this project, having been responsible for wiring the entirety of the Hotel Ponce de Leon with electricity. Ralph, Julian. [28], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. [18][19] Standard countered and held back its shipments and, with the help of other railroads, started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest as well. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. [20] The New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee in 1879 conducted hearings in response to the complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade in order to investigate railroad rebate practices. That same year Flagler completed the Hotel Continental in Jacksonville. Flager and his lawyers defeated all legal challenges and neither the company or its employees were ever convicted in court. The Washington Post. There is also a monument to him on Flagler Monument Island in Biscayne Bay in Miami; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him in St. Augustine. Melbert Cary died in 1941, and after his death Mary continued to divide her. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. In the early 1900s Flagler, affiliated with John D. Rockefeller in the Standard Oil Company, conceived and oversaw the construction of the Florida Keys Over-Sea Railroad, paving . Flagler also worked as a grain merchant. [9], By 1869, there was three times more kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. As fate would have it, Henry had been invited to work at a general store by a family . Keys, L. (2015) Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Flagler's Gilded Age Palace. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me." That year he reportedly gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. He planned to build a hotel on that land, one that gave Northern tourists a fine place to spend their money. Carrie died at the age of 3. The swamplands south of Savannah were thought of as a dangerous land of rugged enchantment where alligators lurked in the shadows and strange miasme was thought to carry diseases like yellow fever through the damp air. [citation needed], Although Standard Oil was a partnership, Flagler was credited as the brain behind the booming oil refining business. Rogers, in particular, became one of Flagler and Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. May 17, 2018. Graham, Thomas. They had 3 children: Maud Aiken and 2 other children. Despite (or perhaps because of) the tragic death of the mother of his children, Henry Flagler poured himself into the business of Standard Oil. At age 23, Flagler married the daughter of the owner, Mary Harkness (Wright . "How Slave Labor Built the State of Florida Decades After the Civil War." [21], Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration. [2] Flagler's mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler, Isaac's third wife and a widow who had a stepson, Stephen V. Harkness, and a son, Daniel M. Harkness, from her marriage to deceased widower David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. "[63], Miami's main east-west street is named Flagler Street and is the main shopping street in Downtown Miami. the Trust and Non-Profit Organization established by Flagler's grand-daughter Jean Flagler Matthews, to preserve Whitehall, has . By 1896, Flagler's railroad, the Florida East Coast Railway, reached Biscayne Bay. Rockefeller admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, to Reverend and Mrs. Isaac Flagler. St. Augustine, FL: Flagler College, 2013. By 1852, Henry had saved enough money to become the one-third-owner of the Harkness & Company alongside his half-brother Dan and Dan's uncle Lamon. While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. Having bought land for the hotel, Flagler's goal was to build a pleasure palace and turn St. Augustine, Florida, into a 'Winter Newport'. Knetsch concludes that "Flagler in fact provided health care for his employees and was a far better employer than the press alleged. https://staughs.com/the-mary-lily-kenan-conspiracy/. Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. In 1853, Flagler married Mary Harkness, the daughter of Lamon Harkness - owner of the general store where he was formerly employed. St. Augustine city officials and businessmen were mostly grateful that Henry Flagler had chosen their little hamlet to 'please himself' by developing it and filling it with tourists. Imagine how many different perspectives a group of people can have about the same topic. In 1878, his wife Mary fell ill, and died on May 18, 1881, at age 47, leaving Henry Flagler with a young son to raise alone. Welcome to Ms. Collins, Ms. Bellino, and Ms. King's 4th grade history virtual fieldtrip! From there on out, Dr. Anderson was a major supporter and confidant of Henry Flagler, often acting as his business liaison in St. Augustine when Flagler was out of town. Mary Lily outlived her first husband, Henry Flagler and inherited his huge fortune, married again three years later, and died under suspicious circumstances at aged fifty. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. University Press of Florida. The voyage was harrowing and long northern tourists traveled by railroad, steamship, and mule-driven omnibus. Then, just a few months before the end of the Ponce de Leon Hotel's second season, Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict died from complications of childbirth. The family moved as was necessary for Isaac's job, having lived in Virginia and Ohio during Henry's childhood. Harkness and Company, at a salary of $5 per month plus room and board. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. This field trip will walk you through the life of Henry Morrison Flagler and the great impact he made on South Florida. At last in 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Middle child Carrie died just before Christmas in the same year that Henry's mother died (1861). McGuire & McDonald were in charge of construction. The Flagler family, originally spelled Flegler, hailed from the southwestern corner of Germany known as the Palatinate region. [51] In 1901, Flagler bribed the Florida Legislature and Governor to pass a law that made incurable insanity grounds for divorce, opening the way for Flagler to remarry. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. Expert Help. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, Rockefeller was brokering most of the Harkness grain. Mary Flagler Cary (1901-1967) was the daughter of Harry Harkness Flagler, and granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler, one of the founders of Standard Oil. Henry Flagler: A Man of Big Dreams Henry Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. "[35], Flagler and Rockefeller continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. [16] The railroad, seeing Standard's incursion into the transportation and pipeline fields, struck back and formed a subsidiary to buy and build oil refineries and pipelines. I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not, but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment. [10] After his first wife's death, Flagler developed a . The mausoleum adjacent to the church is where Flagler, his daughter, granddaughter and first wife are buried. Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church, 32 Sevilla Street. [56][57], When the Department of Justice prosecuted four Flagler employment agents in 1908 for "conspiracy to hold workmen in peonage and slavery," the Flagler-owned The Florida Times-Union and other Florida newspapers depending on the Times-Union for material or owned by Flagler published articles to "influence juries and public opinion." Her husband, Henry Morrison Flagler, was fifty-one years old. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became Secretary of Standard Oil. After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. In 1885, Standard Oil moved its corporate headquarters to New York City to the iconic 26 Broadway location. [34] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. However, much to Flagler's chagrin, he had no legal grounds to be granted a divorce from Alice in New York or Florida. When the Civil War broke out, Dan Harkness was among the first in Bellevue, Ohio to enlist in the Union efforts. Henry Flalger entombed on the right Jennie Louise is currently entombed inside of the church with her infant daughter, Majorie, in her arms. [25] The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it, further inflaming public sentiment. Flagler returned to Bellevue having lost his initial $50,000 investment and an additional $50,000 he had borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. His business dealings, along with those of partner John D. Rockefeller's, were laid out in painstaking detail by one bold muckraker of the era, Ida Visually exquisite, the Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church was built by Henry Flagler in 1889. After a time, Flagler began to turn over some of his duties at Standard Oil to younger blood. After two years of institutionalization and much assessment by the courts, Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was legally ruled incurably insane in 1899. The hotel, the Ponce de Leon, was a success. One of the grain brokers Cleveland became very well known for oil refining, as, "More and more crude oil was shipped from the oil regions to Cleveland for the refining process because of transportation facilities and the aggressiveness of the refiners there. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Last (and perhaps most importantly), the truth is a hard thing to garner when it comes to what happened in the past even harder than it is today. An incident that is commonly cited as being 'the straw that broke the camel's back' occurred on one of the Flaglers' expensive yachts (of which the couple had many the Alicia was even named after Ida Alice). In just eighteen months of harried work and lavish spending, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was opened for business in January of 1888. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. It was initially intended to house entertainment amenities for the Ponce de Leon guests but was soon reimagined as its own hotel. Only his son Harry Harkness Flagler survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. In an overall calculation of America's oil refineries' assets and capital, Standard Oil surpassed all. Because he was famous and successful and he made a lot of things in Florida. APA: VisitStAugustine.com. Her great-nephew Lawrence Louis Junior utilized some of those funds in founding Flagler College, where Henry Flagler's legacy lives on to this day. Together, the boys worked in the Harkness store for several years, where Henry eventually became a part of their sales staff. Dan married Lamon's eldest daughter, Isabella, in 1849 (yes, they were first cousins). Such incentive led to the development of Miami, which was an unincorporated area at the time. "Especially since her father would have never stepped foot in the house. [4], After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. He also used labor agencies to bring around 4,000 new immigrants to Florida who contracted to work until their transportation costs had been paid off. Racked with bronchitis and unable to do much for herself, Mary joined Henry in the Buckingham Hotel. [citation needed], The Overseas Railroad, also known as the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. Henry Morrison Flagler Museum: Very Disappointing - See 1,507 traveler reviews, 1,197 candid photos, and great deals for Palm Beach, FL, at Tripadvisor. The church was dedicated in March 1890. Mary was born in Ohio in 1833. Here is a list of Flagler's hotels (that he either purchased or built) along Florida's east coast: To learn more about Henry Flagler's East Coast Railway, consult the 'Works Referenced' section at the end of this Historical Person profile. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. Flagler controlled a vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small oil refineries and creating a monopoly with Standard Oil. While many tourists were satisfied with the charms of rural Florida, the appeal quickly wore off for the Flaglers, Henry specifically. The couple traveled to St. Augustine, Florida, which they . As you go through the . He is known as the father of Miami, Florida and also founded Palm Beach, Florida. Alternately called cruel, philanthropic, pitiless and visionary in his lifetime, Henry Morrison Flagler (1830-1913) was a complicated man. She endured three more frigid northern winters until in 1881, when at the age of forty-eight, Mary Harkness Flagler died. It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. Jennie Louise was now a young married woman of twenty-four years; Carrie had died as a child; the son Harry was eight. In 1853 Mary married Henry Morrison Flagler and together they were parents of three children. Now, imagine two hundred-plus years have passed. Flagler believed that he had learned a valuable lesson: invest in a business only after thorough investigation. Henry is originated from United States. [44], Although Flagler remained on the board of directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the corporation to pursue his interests in Florida. He became president of the Symphony Society of New York in 1914 . "[56], A congressional investigation in 1909 concluded that "there had been little immigrant peonage in the South and none in the [railway camps] camps in the Keys. He invested with the guidance of Dr. Andrew Anderson, a native of St. Augustine. Originally published by E.H. Reynolds in St. Augustine Florida, 1892. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. When son Harry Harkness Flagler was born in December of 1870, Mary's frail health was greatly weakened by giving birth. Mary Harkness had been frail since childhood and her father often sent to a boarding school Savannah, Georgia as a means of sparing her from harsh northern winters. The Paris Rothschilds jumped into the fray providing financing. Sixty miles (97km) south, the area today known as Miami was reportedly unharmed by the freeze. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press & Crown Publishers, 2002. It was reported that people along the railway line waited all night for the passing of the funeral train as it traveled from Palm Beach to St. Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. Many people were curious about Henry Flagler's decision to launch a new business venture during his twilight years. After her husband died, Julia and her children returned to Ft. Dallas and purchased 640 acres on the north shore of the Miami River. Flagler's son dropped out of school and failed to follow his father into business, causing a lifelong rift between the two men. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum. Flagler is quoted to have responded thusly: "There was once a good church member who had always lived a correct life until well advanced in years. Immediately, she began taking advantage of the fortune she had married into like any budding socialite, she loved gowns, jewelry, and yachts. To add to the sting, Henry 'Harry' Flagler was generally known as Harry Harkness, showing more deference for his mother than his father. [citation needed], Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was born in North Carolina. Flagler also met one Dr. Andrew Anderson, who would almost immediately become a lifelong partner and friend. "The Flagler Pavilion was built across the street at Edgewood for the Flaglers' daughter Elizabeth's 1927 wedding to J. Andrews Harris lll," said Millbrook Historian David Greenwood. Anderson owned a large tract of orange groves west of the Governor's House along King Street the main thoroughfare of St. Augustine and wanted to sell it to Flagler. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. "[40], By 1892, Standard Oil had a monopoly over all oil refineries in the United States. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Captain of the submarine USS Watertown (SSN-696) who reluctantly helps Harm and Mac with investigations involving a boat he commanded. Layton, 33001, United States of America - Excellent location - show map. Henry Flagler's first visit to Florida was in the winter of 1878-9. [14] Standard was growing horizontally and vertically. He was even given permission to use the coquina quarry on Anastasia Island to source materials for his state-of-the-art hotels. In February of 1885, the couple took a delayed honeymoon to St. Augustine Ida Alice was thirty-seven and Henry Flagler was fifty-five. One of Flagler's other St. Augustine Hotels, the Casa Monica, was originally built by Franklin W. Smith, who built the Villa Zorayda. Tail tucked in shame, the destitute Flagler family moved back to Ohio in January of 1866. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. (Context from a 21st-century author: This story takes place nearly two generations before women were granted the right to vote a time when we were generally valued for being subservient, delicate, and fertile. Chicago: VisitStAugustine.com. "[57][58], According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. Henry Morrison Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York on January 2nd, 1830 to Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler. So, Henry was the youngest of a large mixed family. VisitStAugustine.com. The case can be made that Flagler was the intellectual genius who devised both the overall concepts and the details of the company policies and programs that turned Standard Oil into the most feared, powerful, and profitable company of the 19th and early . Flagler also pioneered in the development of Florida as a U.S. vacation centre. They were rightfully concerned about allowing a wildly wealthy individual to have that much control over the public works of St. Augustine. (2022) "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. The railroads were fighting fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil men outside the main oil centers. 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