When Frederick William succeeded his father, George William George William , as the elector of Brandenburg in 1640, he faced a host of challenges. He restricted imports through high tariffs and encouraged exports by offering subsidies to domestic industries. As Brandenburg-Prussia remained economically impoverished after the Thirty Years War, he hoped to replicate the mercantile successes of the Dutch East India Company. are the nobility and the landowning classes who dominated The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. This army, extensively drilled and brutally disciplined, was talented enough to catch the eye of many contemporaries in Germany, although it was still far too small to earn the respect of its larger European neighbors. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he is popularly known as "The Great Elector"[1] (German language: Der Groe Kurfrst) because of his military and political prowess. With the help of both the conversion of the eastern Slavs to Christianity and the loose but real political unification of the eastern, Slavic territories under a single prince and a single dynasty in the eleventh century were in the mainstream of European medieval civilization.. After the death of Great Prince Iaroslav the Wise, the powerful principality in present-day Ukraine disintegrated into competing political units. Only the electors brother-in-law, John George, prince of Anhalt-Dessau, remained to contend with the surprise Swedish invasion. A minor player on a European continent that was still recovering from the cataclysmic Thirty Years War, Brandenburg and its elector were about to change history. He weakened representative assemblies of their territories and forced Junkers to cooperate. By the end of the Thirty Years War he understood that his power depended upon having a standing army, and at the height of the war against the Dutch his army totaled forty-five thousand. Despite nonexistent Austrian support and dwindling Dutch subsidies, it was still a difficult decision to make. subordination He wrote to Leopold in exasperation: I fear the French will follow us and my lands be totally ruined and my fortresses lost, and I will have to conclude a humiliating peace. It was no idle threat. He, like Frederick William, preferred to attack, but the emperor had tied his hands. [3], In 1672, Frederick William joined the Franco-Dutch War as an ally of the Dutch Republic, led by his nephew William of Orange but made peace with France in the June 1673 Treaty of Vossem. The Swedish incursion gave him an excellent excuse to leave behind his worthless allies along the Rhine and win martial glory for himself. In the summer of 1675, Swedish troops led by Marshal Karl Wrangel invaded the German principality of Brandenburg. He established local governments in each province, headed by a governor and a chancellor, but they reported to his central government in Berlin. Frederick William had stretched his resources to the limit in order to campaign against France, and Brandenburg was virtually defenseless. There was nothing he could do aside from humbly requesting that Wrangel turn back. He was an advocate of mercantilism, monopolies, subsidies, tariffs, and internal improvements. were a nomadic tribe. By the second half of 1674, however, a combination of logistical difficulties and French pressure made an undesired war with Brandenburg increasingly likely. The Great Elector is most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. Incensed, the Brandenburgers took it upon themselves to assault Turenne independently, but without the support of their allies, they could achieve nothing. Without a strong maritime presence in the Baltic, Swedens army in Germany was cut off, giving Frederick William a decided advantage. A member of the House of Since 1672, Louis had been paying the Swedes to maintain an army of 16,000 men in Pomerania for the sole purpose of intimidating Brandenburg, but Frederick William felt he had little to worry about from them. Already the French were failing to deliver the promised subsidies, and when Montecuccoli returned to retake control of the Austrian army and actually went onto the offensive, the elector decided to resume his war with France. Maybe it was searching for the right antique or the perfect water lily. are people of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. The buried talent is the sunken rock on which most lives strike and founder. Refresh your browser window to try again. He is noted for his use of broad directives and delegation of decision-making to his commanders, which would later become the basis for the German doctrine of Auftragstaktik, and he is noted for using rapid mobility to defeat his foes.[6]. The. Although the Brandenburgers put up a valiant resistance, Bournonvilles decision to withdraw the following day rather than renew the battle spoiled the stunning achievement of the electors men. Frederick William I fight for power brought him into considerable conflict with them In his early years, he even threatened to destroy them, but the Prussian nobility was not destroyed. Peter the Great won this battle for Russia and it established the country's dominance in Europe. Condition: New. The Brandenburger cavalry raced forward, hoping to cut off Waldemar at Nauen, but the enemy proved too slippery and had already passed by. [2], This article is about the Elector of Brandenburg. On Blumenthal's advice he agreed to exempt the nobility from taxes and in return they agreed to dissolve the Estates-General. In the seventeenth century, there was little German nationalism, and localism reigned supreme. He began as a successful leader, adding lands to Russia. Updates? Quantity: 2 available. During the Thirty Years' War, George William strove to maintain, with a minimal army, a delicate balance between the Protestant and Catholic forces fighting throughout the Holy Roman Empire. With their cannons blazing, the Brandenburger cavalry smashed into the remnants of the disordered Swedish right and sent it fleeing into Fehrbellin. Unlike Frederick William, Waldemar also possessed infantry and thus was at a decided advantage. Later that year they abandoned him altogether, forging with France the Treaty of Nymwegen. His economic endeavors failed to transform Brandenburg-Prussia. The elder Wrangel commanded in the north, while Waldemar led the Swedish troops in Alt-Brandenburg. His shrewd domestic reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalian political order of north-central Europe, setting Prussia up for elevation from duchy to kingdom, achieved under his son and successor. In the complex power struggles in Europe starting in 1661, he shifted allegiance by always joining with the weaker party, hoping to maintain the balance of power. Luckily for him, the Swedes were in no mood to press their advantage. His bases moved toward absolute monarchy. When a French army attacked Holland, initiating the Franco-Dutch War, Frederick William was quick to pledge his support to the Dutch Republic. Judging the attacking Brandenburgers to be much greater in strength than they actually were, the Wrangels decided against counterattacking Rathenow and opted to withdraw. Charles spent much of his reign trying to get this principle accepted by the various branches of the Habsburg family, by the three different Estates of the realm, and by the states of Europe. Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments. It was Christmas Day, 1674. Frederick William positioned his 13 light field guns atop the hill in preparation for an enemy counterattack. Initially, Friedrichs cavalry was successful in pushing the defenders back, but the Swedes fought back tenaciously and quickly brought the offensive to a halt. 3. Derek McKay's erudite yet concise biography avoids the, hagiography of Frederick William's later admirers and offers instead a compelling account of how the, ruler earned this epithet. No one in Sweden wished to take any unnecessary risks. Even when the chance arose to win a decisive victory at Marlenheim, the Austrian commander dallied. The way to push things through to a finish effectively must be learned. The Slavic Law prohibited women from ruling. In his half-century reign, 16401688, the Great Elector transformed the small remote state of Prussia into a great power by augmenting and integrating the Hohenzollern family possessions in northern Germany and Prussia. He saw Louis XIV as a continual looming threat to Germany. He was a brilliant war general and took the Ottomans on to conquer areas of Eastern Europe and a much larger portion of the Middle East. It had few outside possessions and almost no influence aside from its status as an electorate of the empire. During the subsequent campaign he successfully conquered Swedish Pomerania, capturing Stettin, Stralsund, and Greifswald in succession. was written by Charles IV so his daughter, Maria, could inherit the throne. Their children were as follows: On 13 June 1668 in Grningen, Frederick William married Sophie Dorothea of Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, daughter of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg and Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg. He correctly surmised that the only way Frederick William could possibly reach him before the bridge was repaired was with cavalry alone, and he believed such an attack without infantry support would be far too risky. Frederick William, Derfflinger, and the rest of the Brandenburger cavalry arrived at noon, raising the electors total strength to roughly 7,000 horsemen against the equally numerous Swedes. This put Waldemars entire army in danger of being outflanked. Victory promised unprecedented growth, while defeat nearly ensured that Brandenburg would remain a minor entity no greater than many others spread out across Germany. France pressured her ally Sweden to relieve her by attacking Brandenburg-Prussia from the north. Shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd (aka North German Lloyd) also built a cargo and passenger liner for North Atlantic service with the same name that was later taken into US Navy service. However, when Louis XIV of France concluded the Dutch War by the Nijmegen treaties, he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally, and forced Frederick William to basically return to the status quo ante bellum by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679). In the years following the battle, he did just that. Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. Following the Thirty Years' War, which devastated much of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick William focused on rebuilding his war-ravaged territories. frederick william the great elector quotes. Despite having to traverse the formidable Thuringian Forest, which was still relatively barren of supplies after the devastation of the Thirty Years War, the Brandenburgers moved rapidly, covering nearly 200 miles in 20 days. 500 matching entries found. Showing search results for "Frederick William The Great Electorhole" sorted by relevance. Frederick William was overwhelmed with dismay. Painting of his 1646 wedding ceremony by Johannes Mytens. The elector was no friend of France. 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C-100 McLean, VA 22101, Stay up to date with all of our latest news, However, if victory could somehow be achieved, the prospects of increasing ones prestige and influence were tremendous. In fact, opposing the mighty armies of France courted disaster. Louis, in turn, invaded Germany proper and became an even greater menace. That winter, however, the army was ill-prepared to march. They imply a great deal of thinking about others. Refugee Huguenots, who fled France after King Louis XIV revoked official toleration of Protestantism, were welcomed into Protestant Brandenburg by Great Elector Frederick William. There was no guarantee that the Austrians and the Dutch would welcome his return. However, it could scarcely reach its goals alone. On hearing what had occurred, the elector exulted, I can use this to get all of Pomerania.. He is notable for his joint victory with Swedish forces at the Battle of Warsaw (1656), which, according to Hajo Holborn, marked "the beginning of Prussian military history",[5] but the Swedes turned on him at the behest of King Louis XIV of France and invaded Brandenburg. Representing local elites of landowners and merchants, the several estates opposed increasing taxes to fund the military and diplomatic ambitions of the elector, particularly if those taxes were to be spent elsewhere than where they were raised. - Item exactly as described, in perfect condition. F.L. By the reign of Frederick I, the title Elector had decreased in importance and status. A learned man, he founded a university and established the Berlin library. The other state was on the opposite end of the spectrum. It stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to divide and were always to be passed intact to a single heir. He even secretly informed Louis that he would keep the Austrian army behind the Rhine. At the same time, the young and impressionable King Charles XI had just reached the age of legitimacy and was assuming power from a regency government. The remainder of the army would follow and catch up when it could. Frederick William also faced opposition from the estates, or parliaments, of the various Hohenzollern lands. Under the great elector and his successors, notably kings Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740) and Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786), the Junker class became, in essence, servants of the state, particularly in the military and civil bureaucracies. his forces were defeated, but the Hapsburgs had to compromise with Hungary and give them more power over themselves. (571) became Hapsburg emperor in 1711. Protestantism;Brandenburg. WebFrederick II, byname Frederick the Great, German Friedrich der Grosse, (born January 24, 1712, Berlin, Prussia [Germany]died August 17, 1786, Potsdam, near Berlin), king of Prussia (174086), a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic stratagems and wars against Austria and other powers, greatly enlarged Prussias territories and Out of these unpromising beginnings Frederick William managed to rebuild his war-ravaged territories. Since 1415, the Hohenzollerns Hohenzollerns had been the ruling family of Brandenburg Brandenburg , a small state in northern Germany, that was relatively poor in resources. Although committed to the Protestant Calvinist faith, Frederick William formed alliances with Catholic rulers when it was to his advantage. / Harold James, The Massacre in January 1945 on the Baltic Seashore, Introduction Rival Histories of Emer De Vattel's Law of Nations*, Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia, Applicant Age Country of Origin Departure Date Expr1004, Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815, UC Berkeley Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot, FREDERICK the GREAT and the SEVEN YEARS' WAR, Queen Louise of Prussia: Gender, Power, and Queenship During the Sattelzeit Era, Migration Across the Frontiers of Germany, The Long-Term Effects of Oppression: Prussia, Political Catholicism and the Alternative Fr Deutschland, The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: the Battle for Konigsberg, 1945, The Regional Incidence of Disease in Germany, Introduction Locating Saxony in the Landscape of German Regional History, German Immigrant Arrivals: Resources in the Library of Congress Compiled and Annotated by Barbara B. When he died, he left a centralized political administration, sound finances, and an efficient army, laying the foundation for the future Prussian monarchy. He united the multiple separate domains that his family had acquired primarily by marriage over the decades, and built the powerful unified state of Prussia out of them. Read more about this topic: Brandenburg-Prussia, "The Great Elector", Frederick William, 16401688, The French courage proceeds from vanitythe German from phlegmthe Turkish from fanaticism & opiumthe Spanish from pridethe English from coolnessthe Dutch from obstinacythe Russian from insensibilitybut the Italian from anger.George Gordon Noel Byron (17881824), America is addicted to wars of distraction.Barbara Ehrenreich (b. Between 17,000 and 30,000 enslaved Africans were transported by the BAC to the Americas before the colony was sold to the Dutch in 1721.[9]. events, and resources. According to Branderburger spies, the Swedes had no idea that the electors army had drawn so close. Contrary to appearances, Montecuccoli was highly upset by his orders. Louis was indeed growing impatient with his northern ally, suspecting the Swedes of being content to selfishly drain his coffers without lifting a finger to come to his aid. Although Emperor Leopold continued to deny him any assistance, Denmark joined the elector in an alliance that would soon take the war into Sweden itself. Inexplicably, the Swedish commander did a curious thing. Instead, without any serious opposition, the Swedes fanned out across Brandenburg to pillage the countryside and replenish their army. Swedens acute lack of resources and funds made its recent conquests extremely vulnerable. Only through constant expansion could it manage to protect itself, but with a pacific-minded government in place to watch over the youthful king, conquest was not an option. Item exactly as described, in perfect condition. He concocted a strategy in which he would quickly capture the little town of Rathenow, located directly between Havelberg and Alt-Brandenburg, and split the Swedish army in two. His services, however, came at a price. The Brandenburger officers, their blood up, urged Frederick William to light the town, but he rebuked them, stating, I am not come to destroy my country, but to save it. Instead, the elector ordered his horsemen to storm the Swedish infantry. was King Frederick I's grandson, who became king in 1740, and was a mercantilist. At his accession to the electorship, Brandenburg was ravaged by war and occupied by foreign troops. **b**. **a**. Frederick William called off further offensives and was content to allow the remaining Swedes to withdraw. Every moment of resistance to temptation is a victory. The ensuing devastation reached right to the gates of Berlin itself. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 1675, he defeated the invading Swedes at the Battle of Fehrbellin, Fehrbellin, Battle of (1675) winning for himself the title of the great elector, later the title of a biography by Samuel von Pufendorf, one of his advisers. The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia. Leave Feedback about your eBay ViewItem experience, - eBay Money Back Guarantee - opens in a new window or tab, The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Pr. No one can be great, or good, or happy except through the inward efforts of themselves. By 1678, Frederick William had cleared Swedish Pomerania and occupied most of it, with the exception of Rgen which was held by DenmarkNorway. Funding the military through heavy taxes required building up new industry, such as wool, cotton, linen, lace, soap, paper, and iron. On 7 December 1646 in The Hague, Frederick William entered into a marriage, proposed by Blumenthal as a partial solution to the Jlich-Berg question, with Luise Henriette of Nassau (16271667), daughter of Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels and his 1st cousin once removed through William the Silent. Carsten Thus, while Treaty of urawno ended the Polish-Ottoman war in 1676, Sobieski sided with the emperor instead, and the plan for a Prussian campaign was dropped. Settling into winter quarters at the end of 1674, the spirits of the Brandenburgers and their ruler were all but crushed. [4], Statue of Frederick William at Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Frederick William was a military commander of wide renown, and his standing army would later become the model for the Prussian Army. The timing for the war was ideal. Furthermore, certain diplomatic measures were required before it could confidently engage the Swedesnamely, negotiations with the Dutch Republic concerning naval assistance against the Swedish fleet. The forty-eight-year reign of the great elector laid the foundation for modern Prussia, but he was more of a consolidator than an innovator. William Henry, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg (16481649). By 1672, the size of the empire presented the young King Charles XI with a dilemma. Omissions? Or maybe you love the outdoors and wanted to experience hiking, biking, camping, golfing, It would be up to another group of Brandenburgers, speeding toward Fehrbellin itself, to block the Swedish escape. Another consequence of his military ambitions was the alliance between the elector and the nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, that is, between the elector and the Junkers (landowners, who controlled territories in the east). Read reviews from worlds largest community for readers. WebThe name Frederick is boy's name of German origin meaning "peaceful ruler". Even the elector was largely motivated by dynastic rather than nationalistic considerations. After procrastinating for as long as possible, Charles at last issued the order to take the offensive. When the elector finally petitioned the Dutch for aid, they agreed to dispatch their fleet to the Baltic to challenge the Swedes. Tenants include the relocated main offices of the National Cancer Institute 's Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research as well as Charles River Labs . The daring horsemen of Frederick William had seen to that at Fehrbellin. He was successful in achieving greater recognition for his Hohenzollern Dynasty, and his son and successor, Elector Frederick III, became king in 1701. Their power and prestige was derived mostly from land ownership. 142-143). Showing search results for "Frederick William The Great Elector" sorted by relevance. Building up his army and his alliances, by the end of the 1650s it appeared that Sweden would be forced to abandon lands claimed by the elector, but France backed the Swedes as a counterweight to the imperial Habsburgs, and Frederick William had to settle with being recognized as the duke of Prussia. Price: 113.00. The Great Elector weakened the powers of the Junkers. Taxation;Brandenburg On occasion, he simply authorized the seizure of taxes without the consent of the estates. Towns and cities in the west were more prosperous than those in the east, but only Berlin benefited from the great electors reign, with the population growing from five thousand in 1648 to twenty thousand by his death. Trudging through the mud created by a blinding rainstorm, they reached the towns gates at midnight. RRP 119.99. [4] In 1666 his title to Cleves, Jlich and Ravensberg was definitely recognized. was a battle in the Northern War. temporarily unified the Nomadic tribes were in the thirteenth century. Leopold I successfully repel them from taking the city. He also simplified travel in Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia by connecting riverways with canals, a system that was expanded by later Prussian architects, such as Georg Steenke; the system is still in use today. It would take nothing short of a miracle to revive them. He built framework for absolute rule and worked to limit the power of boyars. Very fast delivery, good seller! Besides, he had little choice but to combine with the Austrians if he wanted any chance to fightattempting to battle the French alone would be nothing short of suicide. In contrast to the religious disputes that distrupted the internal affairs of other European states, Brandenburg-Prussia benefited from the policy of religious tolerance adopted by Frederick William. This alliance was based on a treaty of 1669, and resulted in French occupation of Brandenburg-Prussian Cleves. I 's grandson, who became King in 1740, and resulted French... 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